Pomegranate Peel Biochar-Supported ZnCl2 Catalyst for Solvent-Free Green Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives

The global shift towards a sustainable bioeconomy highlights the development of green and efficient chemical processes that utilize renewable resources and minimize environmental impact. Coumarin derivatives represent a privileged heterocyclic scaffold in organic and medicinal chemistry due to their simple structure, chemical versatility and remarkable biological relevance. This study aims to develop an environmentally benign, highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives via Pechmann condensation, using novel heterogeneous, agro-industrial residue catalysts. Specifically, pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) was utilized as a sustainable carbon scaffold and were converted into biochar supports through controlled pyrolysis. T