Age and Neuroimmune Diseases

Abstract With the aging population accelerating, age has become a core factor influencing the clinical phenotypes, treatment responses, and prognoses of neuroimmune diseases (NDs), including those affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). This cross-disease review summarizes the shared and specific age-related characteristics of NDs, focusing on the pathological basis of immunosenescence and neurodegeneration underlying age-related ND progression. We extract the clinical manifestations, immune and neural mechanisms of elderly ND patients, and evaluate the challenges and individualized adjustment principles of therapeutic strategies for this population. We explore the age-related immune dysregulation features between NDs and other systemic autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes (T1D)). This review aims to construct a cross-disease framework for the precision management of NDs in the aging era, identify research gaps and future directions, and emphasize age-adapted intervention strategies for optimizing the prognosis of elderly ND patients.