Postbiotics in Gastroenterology – A New Generation of Gut Therapies?

Introduction: The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining human homeostasis by influencing immune function, metabolism, and the gut–brain axis. In recent years, postbiotics—nonviable microorganisms or their components that provide health benefits to the host—have gained increasing attention. Compared to probiotics, postbiotics offer improved safety and stability, making them a promising area of scientific research. Aim: This review aims to summarize the current literature on the biological activities, mechanisms of action, and potential applications of postbiotics in gastroenterology. It also explores their advantages over traditional probiotics and discusses their potential role in personalized medicine. Literature overview: Postbiotics exhibit various biological effects, including immunomodulation, antiinflammatory properties, enhancement of the intestinal barrier, and modulation of the gutbrain axis. A particular focus is placed on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are key mediators of immune regulation, energy metabolism, and neurophysiological processes. Clinical studies support the use of postbiotics in managing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), diarrheal disorders, postoperative recovery, as well as in supporting therapies for liver diseases and colorectal cancer. Conclusions: Postbiotics represent a promising and safe alternative to probiotics, especially for vulnerable populations. Their biological properties and potential for standardization open new therapeutic possibilities in gastroenterology and preventive medicine. Nevertheless, further well-designed clinical studies are necessary to confirm their efficacy, define optimal dosages, and better understand their long-term impact on human health.