Fixed-Prototype Spatial Voting for Visual Sea-State Classification
Wepresent a 24,984-parameter sea-state classifier trained through recurrent refinement and deployed by direct spatial voting. Across ten archived encoders, voting averages 85.79% accuracy versus 85.65% with recurrence. A selected archived checkpoint with a floating-point encoder and latent-INT8 voting achieves 89.02%, versus MUSeNet’s published 88.7%, at approximately 1/80 of its parameters. Packing preserves the integer vote in 196 bytes. Instructioncycle accounting bounds the voting head at 182.5 µs on a 16-MHz ATmega328P; the encoder requires 23.71 million multiply–accumulate operations per image. A supporting Otter USV simulation links edge-processing budgets and ordinal recognition errors to supervisory response.
Authors
- Raju V. Datla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-812X)
- Hanyue Shen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5699-3550)
- Xinling Liao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3137-2825)
Institutions
- Stevens Institute of Technology (US)
- King's College London (GB)
Publication Details
- Published
- 2026-11-06
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.15011818/v1
- Primary Topic
- Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Type
- preprint