OVERCOMING THE MYTH OF INSTITUTIONAL ACEPHALY: FROM FALSE REPRESENTATION TO THE SCIENTIFIC SELF-GOVERNMENT OF PURE DEMOCRACY AND DIRECT PARTICIPATION

ABSTRACT This research paper examines the structural flaws of modern political systems, challenging the uncritical assumption that political representation is synonymous with democracy. It argues that delegating sovereignty to representative elites constitutes an antithetical contradiction that has historically perpetuated structural backwardness and social crises across nations. To overcome this systemic inertia, the study proposes the operationalization of pure democracy through five fundamental mechanisms: the referendum, the plebiscite, the public forum, the popular consultation, and popular election by lot. When these tools operate dynamically, they compel the citizenry to unite as a cohesive people, transforming every individual into a legitimate legislator and permanent overseer of the State. Finally, the work dismantles the traditional fallacy of institutional acephaly, demonstrating that direct participation generates collective self-direction rather than chaos. By uniting citizens in brotherhood to address common problems, this model establishes the most scientific self-government possible, leading humanity toward absolute freedom, peaceful coexistence, and the definitive consolidation of true pure democracy.