Eczema: An Updated Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Management

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intense pruritus, xerosis, and recurrent eczematous lesions. It affects individuals of all age groups and significantly impairs quality of life due to persistent symptoms and frequent exacerbations. The pathogenesis of eczema is multifactorial, involving genetic susceptibility, epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, environmental triggers, and alterations in the skin microbiome. Recent advances have improved the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, leading to the development of targeted therapies. This review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies for eczema. Conventional treatments, including emollients, topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy, and systemic immunosuppressants, are discussed alongside emerging therapies such as boilogics and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. The review also highlights preventive measures, patient education, and future research directions aimed at improving long-term disease control and patient outcomes. A comprehensive understanding of the evolving concepts in eczema pathogenesis and management is essential for optimizing therapeutic approaches and enhancing the quality of life of affected individuals.