AI companions, human concerns: a pragmatic perspective

Abstract The rise of agentic AI and so-called AI companions introduces a shift in the modes of interactions between humans and machines. The exact contours of this shift remain unclear, but early signs of social, affective, and even romantic engagements demonstrate areas of potential benefit and potent harms to individuals and to the broader social fabric. A full appreciation of these benefits and harms demands a multi-perspectival account not only of technological innovation and emerging modalities of human-machine interaction, but also of the historical, socio-cultural, psychological, and ethical aspects of companionship. This essay provides such as account through a pragmatist perspective that considers the material, institutional, and psycho-social conditions behind the rise of AI. From this perspective, the essay broadens the notion of “alignment” as one between means and ends rather than the commonly accepted formulation between design goals and outputs. We argue that AI companionship blurs the boundaries between tools and social actors—a dynamic that emerges from the interplay of technical architectures, intentional design practices, user psychology, and political-economic forces. Given that interplay, a set of interrelated questions arise, which we address in three clusters (supply, demand, mediation), highlighting the emerging social and ethical dilemmas, and suggesting pragmatic interventions to inform public discourse and policymaking. In so doing, we hope to curtail the tremendous fallouts that have become evident in other domains such as social media only in retrospect, and ​to contribute to the creation of an environment conducive to social cohesion and individual wellbeing.