Advances in Graphite-Based Dual-Ion Batteries toward Sustainable Energy Applications

The review examines graphite-based dual-ion batteries extensively, covering the basic working principles of this battery technology, the chemistry of anion and cation intercalation into graphite, charge carriers and electrolytes, and the current limitations and improvement strategies for their progress. We begin by reviewing the fundamental intercalation chemistry that has guided decades of research and clarify the different working mechanisms of dual-ion batteries compared with conventional LIBs. The main focus is on the chemistry of graphite intercalation and a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of anionic and cationic charge storage in graphite electrodes. The electrolyte compositions are particularly emphasised, as regards their critical role in the performance of the battery. Then the review systematically summarises the current limitations and corresponding optimisation strategies, including the design of electrode materials, the interphase stabilisation strategies and advanced electrolyte engineering. Finally, we discuss key challenges and suggest potential future research directions to improve high-performance DIB systems for practical energy storage applications. This work will be of interest and practical use to researchers engaged in the development of next generation batteries.