UHPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics of Goat Bone Waste and the Antioxidant, Hemocompatibility, and Fibrinolytic Potential of Its Aqueous Extract

Recycling of food waste and animal by-products in order to produce valuable bioorganic products has been playing an important role in the green chemistry field. In this study, the chemical composition of goat bone wastes was analyzed through untargeted Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) metabolomics in dual electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. Using accurate-mass tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) database searching, it was possible to annotate various compounds present in the bone waste samples, such as collagen-derived amino acids, peptides, organic acids, nucleotides, and lipids. In parallel, we also investigated the biological activity of the aqueous extract of goat bone matrix (GBAE). The GBAE showed potent antioxidant activity since it was capable of completely neutralizing (100%) DPPH radicals at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. Moreover, the hemolytic activity of GBAE was studied and found to be very low (<1% with human erythrocytes), indicating its weak in vitro hemotoxicity. When oxidative stress was generated via lead acetate (0.625 ppm), GBAE provided a considerable protective effect, leading to 65.0%, 67.5%, and 73.7% hemolysis reduction at concentrations of 200, 400, and 800 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, preliminary in vitro findings suggested that GBAE exhibited fibrinolytic potential and anticoagulant activities. GBAE showed dose-dependent thrombolytic and anticoagulant activity, with a significant increase in the percentage of clot lysis and coagulation time up to 36 min, compared with 13 min in the negative control.