Adoption and Impact of Climate-Smart Technologies on Agrifood Systems in Vihiga County, Kenya

Agrifood systems in sub-Saharan Africa face significant challenges from climate change, threatening food security and rural livelihoods. Climate-smart technologies (CSTs) offer a viable way to strengthen resilience, productivity, and sustainability in smallholder farming systems. This study examines the adoption and impact of CSTs in Vihiga County, a high-potential agricultural region in western Kenya with small landholdings and high vulnerability to climate variability. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study assesses the extent of CST adoption, key drivers and barriers, and socio-economic benefits among smallholder farmers. Primary data were collected through household surveys (n=383), focus group discussions (n=5), and key informant interviews (n=15) with farmers, extension officers, and policymakers. Findings indicate that practices such as conservation agriculture (25%), agroforestry (15%), drought-resistant crop varieties (60%), and integrated soil fertility management have contributed to improved yields, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and enhanced climate adaptation. However, adoption remains constrained by limited access to finance, inadequate extension services, and fragmented land ownership. The study highlights the role of policy support, capacity building, and public-private partnerships in scaling up CSTs for sustainable agrifood transformation. By aligning local practices with Kenya's Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy, Vihiga County can serve as a model for climate-resilient development in similar agro-ecological zones. The research underscores the need for context-specific, farmer-centred approaches to ensure equitable and sustainable adoption of CSTs in sub-Saharan Africa's agrifood systems.