A participatory framework involving trained citizen scientists and conservationists advances genetic understanding of an endangered carnivore

Although citizen science is increasingly used in biodiversity monitoring, moving beyond passive observation toward the active collection of high-quality biological samples remains a major challenge. To address this, we present a participatory framework originating as a bottom-up initiative, designed to facilitate the active and structured collection of high-quality biological samples. This conceptual framework allows for the development of a genuine partnership where collective field expertise enriches scientific data interpretation to inform conservation policy. Designed to be adapted to a wide range of conservation projects, this participatory framework is particularly effective for monitoring threatened, low-density and cryptic species across large landscapes by combining robust biological sampling with strong social engagement. We illustrate the operational strength of this framework through an eight-year case study mobilizing a network of 274 volunteers trained to collect non-invasive samples from the Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ) in France, 42 untrained volunteers and a scat-detection dog. The sampling expanded across 13 departments, with the network collecting 729 scats with a 45.8% genetic confirmation rate. An anonymous online survey evaluating the human dimensions of the framework showed that despite baseline knowledge, most respondents reported gaining new insights and naturalist skills. Direct contribution to conservation was the primary motivation, and participation strengthened trust in science and data governance. Relationships with project coordinators drove long-term engagement, resulting in high willingness to re-engage in future projects. By co-constructing the research project with civil society from the outset, this framework bridges scientific expertise and local knowledge, addresses critical gaps in our understanding of the genetic health of an elusive species, and strengthens public ownership, social acceptance and scientific credibility of the findings, all of which are essential for successful conservation.