The same angle is not the same angle: what a knee angle is attached to, and what it costs to forget it

This record contains the third paper in a series on the domain of validity of derived quantities in movement analysis, together with its appendix and a deployment note. The paper asks what a knee flexion angle is attached to. The same joint, in the same person, on the same day, gives different numbers depending on the plane the motion is projected onto, the points the segments are defined from, and the speed at which the person walks. It separates two questions: what the construction guarantees — an exact invariance under positive amplitude, constant offset and phase shift — and what the number is empirically attached to: out-of-plane geometry, marker placement, and speed. The archive is self-verifying. Two commands, neither needing the data: python third/check_numbers.py python third/check_pair.py Expected output: PASS unmatched total 0 across 5 documents, and PASS 5/5. Contents: third/manuscript.pdf (14 pp.), third/appendix.pdf (3 pp.), instruments/README.pdf (10 pp.), instruments/GAUGE.pdf (18 pp.), verification/README.pdf (4 pp.), markdown sources, the declarative number pool, the checkers, and figures. Text licensed CC BY 4.0; code MIT.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-06
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24005917
Primary Topic
Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
Type
preprint
Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
preprint

The same angle is not the same angle: what a knee angle is attached to, and what it costs to forget it

Marlow
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
preprint

The same angle is not the same angle: what a knee angle is attached to, and what it costs to forget it

Marlow
preprint en

Abstract

This record contains the third paper in a series on the domain of validity of derived quantities in movement analysis, together with its appendix and a deployment note. The paper asks what a knee flexion angle is attached to. The same joint, in the same person, on the same day, gives different numbers depending on the plane the motion is projected onto, the points the segments are defined from, and the speed at which the person walks. It separates two questions: what the construction guarantees — an exact invariance under positive amplitude, constant offset and phase shift — and what the number is empirically attached to: out-of-plane geometry, marker placement, and speed. The archive is self-verifying. Two commands, neither needing the data: python third/check_numbers.py python third/check_pair.py Expected output: PASS unmatched total 0 across 5 documents, and PASS 5/5. Contents: third/manuscript.pdf (14 pp.), third/appendix.pdf (3 pp.), instruments/README.pdf (10 pp.), instruments/GAUGE.pdf (18 pp.), verification/README.pdf (4 pp.), markdown sources, the declarative number pool, the checkers, and figures. Text licensed CC BY 4.0; code MIT.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.

Laika access coming soon