Dynamic LQR control with an Extended State Observer for Flywheel Supported by Active Magnetic Bearings

Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS) suspended by Active Magnetic Bearings (AMB) are fundamental to allowing high-velocity operations with negligible friction losses, making them excellent for modern energy grids. However, these systems operate at high speeds, which induce strong effects, such as couplings and disturbances, that affect the stability of the system. To address this challenge, this investigation proposes and designs a dynamic gain-scheduled Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control scheme with an Extended State Observer (ESO) to stabilize a rotor magnetically levitated Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS). To validate the proposed control system, a multi-physics model was evaluated using MATLAB. The results show a reduction of 36% in maximum radial displacement and 37% for angular peaks with a minimum change of 2.2% in energy consumption compared to the conventional LQR. Finally, the proposed controller ensures robust 5-DOF stabilization and mechanical safety for FESS in highly dynamic environments.