The Hidden Reality of the Growing Disease Status of Human African Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria

There has been significant progress toward eliminating human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), and Nigeria has not recorded a confirmed case in more than a decade. However, there is concern that this reflects underreporting rather than true elimination. Accurate tracking of the HAT burden in Nigeria remains limited because of weak surveillance systems, gaps in diagnostic capacity, and a lack of knowledge among healthcare workers and surrounding communities. This perspective article examines the urgent need to strengthen active surveillance, improve diagnostic testing and confirmation capacity, and address barriers to care in Nigeria and other West African countries. The importance of visibility and data sharing is also emphasized, drawing attention to local research, and the consequences of missed diagnoses. To support the WHO 2030 elimination goal, this article call for coordinated investments in laboratory infrastructure, healthcare training, public education, and sustainable surveillance systems.