State Control and Supervision in the Digitalization Conditions

The reform of control and supervisory activities, consolidated in Federal Laws No. 248-FZ and No. 247-FZ of 31 July 2020 and in the Concept for Improving Control and Supervisory Activities through 2026, raises the question of the legal nature of state control and supervision under digitalization. Digital transformation now extends across the entire cycle of control measures: from risk categorization and inspection planning to the recording of results and public analytics. The study draws on an analysis of current legislation and enforcement practice, employing the formal legal method, secondary data analysis, and legal modelling. Digital technologies are treated not as a supplementary tool but as a structural factor reshaping the entire model of control and supervisory legal relations. Five defining characteristics of digitalized state control are identified: mediation through information systems, remote conduct of inspections, proactive intervention, personalization of requirements for controlled entities, and data integration into a unified information environment. Implementation of foundational digital technologies — artificial intelligence, distributed ledgers, and predictive analytics — significantly lags behind declared policy objectives.The principal barriers are the absence of a statutory definition of automated decision-making, unresolved questions of liability for erroneous decisions made by automated systems, and a shortage of qualified personnel. The article argues for a comprehensive approach: legislative codification of the automated decision concept with clear rules on mandatory human involvement; adoption of the human-in-the-loop framework with a corresponding liability mechanism; and establishment of interagency competency centers alongside public-private partnership arrangements.