Aperture-dependent [O iii] profile variability: Clues to the nature of double-peaked narrow emission lines

In this work we propose a simple and practical aperture-dependent method for investigating the physical origin of double-peaked narrow emission lines (DPNELs). Spectroscopic observations obtained from different apertures probe different spatial regions and therefore different gas kinematics within the narrow line region (NLR). Consequently, changes in the profiles of DPNELs observed with different apertures can provide important constraints on their physical origins. We applied this method to SDSS J094144.83+575123.6 (SDSS J0941) by comparing spectra obtained from the SDSS, DESI, and LAMOST surveys. Significant differences are found in the double-peaked profiles of the different spectra, demonstrating that aperture effects can strongly influence the integrated DPNEL profiles. The dual active galactic nucleus (AGN) model, where the two nuclei lie in a plane perpendicular to the line of sight, can qualitatively explain the asymmetric sampling of the two NLRs, but it cannot explain the different peak separations of different spectra. The observed asymmetric evolution of the two components disfavors a simple AGN-driven outflow and a rotating disk-like NLR scenario. Of the models considered, only a more complex non-axisymmetric rotating NLR provides a self-consistent explanation for the observed aperture-dependent variations. In this scenario, the blueshifted emitting region is more compact and remains largely enclosed by the smaller aperture, resulting in an increased line width with little change in flux. In contrast, the redshifted emitting region is more spatially extended and is therefore more strongly affected by the reduced aperture, leading to pronounced decreases in both flux and line width. Our results illustrate the diagnostic potential of combining spectroscopic observations from different surveys with varying apertures to investigate the physical origin of DPNELs, while highlighting the challenges of distinguishing between different physical scenarios.