Carbon Emission Disclosure, Environmental Disclosure, Capital Intensity, and Corporate Financial Performance in Indonesia

Purpose: This study analyzes the effect of carbon emission disclosure, environmental disclosure, and capital intensity on the financial performance of energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2020–2024.Research Methodology: This quantitative study uses the annual and sustainability reports of 38 companies selected through purposive sampling, yielding 190 firm-year observations. Carbon emission disclosure and environmental disclosure are measured with 18-item and 31-item indices, capital intensity with fixed assets to total assets, and financial performance with an adjusted return on assets series. The Random Effect Model is selected through the Chow, Hausman, and Lagrange Multiplier tests in EViews 12.Results: Carbon emission disclosure (B = 1.825225; p < 0.001) and environmental disclosure (B = 1.297164; p < 0.001) are positively and significantly associated with financial performance, whereas capital intensity is not significant (B = 0.027686; p = 0.8971). The three variables are simultaneously significant (F = 65.21017; p < 0.001), with an adjusted R² of 0.504757.Conclusions: Transparent carbon and environmental reporting is associated with stronger financial performance, whereas the proportion of fixed assets alone does not differentiate performance among energy companies.Limitations: The study covers one sector over five years, measures disclosure breadth rather than quality, and relies on an adjusted performance series that cannot be fully reproduced.Contributions: This study integrates stakeholder value-creation, legitimacy, signaling, and agency theories by demonstrating how carbon and environmental reporting jointly signal financial performance, providing insights for Indonesian firms, investors, and regulators.