Signage Design and Wayfinding in Chinese Eldercare: Delphi and Structural Equation Modeling

Purpose This study aims to examine how three signage design dimensions—visual cognition, metaphorical design, and participatory interaction—influence the perceived wayfinding experience quality of older adults. Background Navigating complex eldercare facilities poses significant challenges for older adults due to age-related sensory and cognitive decline. Grounded in Person–Environment (P–E) Fit Theory, effective signage can serve as a critical environmental support. However, existing wayfinding systems often overlook users’ perceptual needs and cognitive limitations, contributing to disorientation and social isolation. Methods A modified Delphi method involving a multidisciplinary expert panel was first employed to develop and validate the measurement scale. Subsequently, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted with 357 older adult residents in Chinese eldercare facilities. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling to evaluate the proposed relationships. Results All three signage design dimensions were found to have significant positive associations with perceived wayfinding experience quality. Visual cognition demonstrated the strongest association ( β = 0.494, p = .000), followed by metaphorical design ( β = 0.212, p = .002) and participatory interaction ( β = 0.164, p = .016). Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of moving beyond purely functional signage toward user-centered, multi-sensory design approaches. Prioritizing visual-cognitive clarity and culturally meaningful metaphorical elements can improve P–E fit and optimize wayfinding experiences. These insights offer practical implications for architects and facility managers to support spatial autonomy and improve quality of life in aging populations.