Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Chromolaena odorata (Awolowo Leaf) on the Biochemical, Haematological and Histopathological Studies of Wistar Albino Rats

Background and Aim: Investigation of this medicinal but potentially toxic plant has been prompted by the use of medicinal plants in healthcare delivery as potential alternatives to manufactured medicines. The effects of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata (Awolowo leaf) on the biochemical, haematological and histopathological findings in Wistar albino rats were evaluated. Aqueous and ethanol extracts were obtained by dissolving 300 g of ground samples into 1,500 mL of water and 70% ethanol respectively for 24 h. Study Design: Thirty-five male Wistar albino rats weighing 110–130 g were randomly assigned to the respective treatment groups. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria, from 14 November 2025 to 10 April 2026. Methodology: The rats were randomly assigned into seven groups, designated A–G, and were fed for five weeks, after which 2 mL of blood was collected through cardiac puncture under mild anaesthesia and used for biochemical and haematological analyses. The organs were harvested for histological studies. Results: The results showed a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in body weight compared with the control. Significant increases were observed (P<0.05) in HDL-C, urea, creatinine, PLT, and GRANS count. Significant decreases were observed (P<0.05) in TG, VLDL-C, ALT, AST, ALP, Cl-, HCO3-, LYM, and non-significant differences (P≥0.05) in TBil, DBil, Na+, K+, WBC, RBC, HGB, PCV, and MCHC at different concentrations compared with the control. Histological studies revealed inflammation and necrosis in the liver, inflammation and blood congestion in the heart, and inflammation and widening of the DCT and PCT in the kidney compared with the control. Conclusion: Although Chromolaena odorata has been reported to have nutritional and medicinal benefits, potential toxic effects on organs and tissues can be inferred from the findings in this study, at higher doses.