A privacy-preserving, ethically governed blockchain–digital twin framework for auditable molecular comparison and biocomponent provenance recording

Background Convalescent plasma and other biocomponent transfusions offer rapidly deployable interventions against emerging infectious diseases. However, their use is constrained by adverse-reaction risks and the absence of a shared, tamper-evident record of previously compared donor compositions and associated outcomes. Objective To develop a privacy-preserving, ethically governed blockchain-digital twin proof-of-concept for auditable molecular comparison and biocomponent provenance recording. Methods Digital-twin representations of plasma, serum and related biocomponents were instantiated using chemical formulae, SMILES strings and sequence data retrieved from ChEMBL release 33 (2023). These representations were maintained in a relational working store connected to a permissioned, Ethereum-compatible Proof-of-Authority ledger. Smart contracts recorded finalised comparisons as immutable transactions following majority validation by three randomly selected validators. Results The framework integrated molecular representation, fingerprint-based similarity matching, best-match selection and ledger-based provenance recording. Ten equations formalised twin representation, similarity matching, best-match selection, majority-consensus validation, validator-collusion probability, spam deterrence, gas cost, throughput, latency and storage overhead. Conclusion This proof-of-concept provides a formal foundation for auditable molecular comparison and traceable biocomponent records. Molecular similarity alone does not establish transfusion compatibility or clinical safety; experimental and clinical validation remain necessary before clinical application.