Analisis Hukum Islam terhadap Sterilisasi Wanita (Tubektomi) Perspektif Kaidah Fikih Lā Ḍarar wa Lā Ḍirār

Tubectomy as a method of permanent contraception in modern reproductive health practice raises fundamental questions regarding its validity in Islamic jurisprudence, particularly in relation to the legal maxim of lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār. This study aims to analyze the Islamic legal perspective on female sterilization (tubal ligation) as a method of contraception and to examine the application of the legal maxim of lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār to this procedure. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach using a normative legal methodology, utilizing a literature review of classical fiqh texts, scholarly works, and relevant scientific publications as secondary legal medical sources. The results of the study indicate that Islamic law does not assign a uniform ruling to tubectomy; rather, its legal status is defined contextually by the availability of other contraceptive techniques, the degree of risk, and medical indications define its legal status contextually. Tubal ligation performed without verified medical urgency is prohibited (haram), as it constitutes an irreversible alteration of Allah's creation (tabdīl khalqillāh) and violates the preservation of lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl), one of the core goals of Islamic law. Conversely, when the procedure is the only medically appropriate intervention to save the mother’s life, it is permitted (mubāḥ) based on the principle of al-ḍarūrāt tubīḥu al-maḥẓūrāt. This study contributes to the development of contemporary Islamic medical jurisprudence. It demonstrates that the principle of lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār functions as a normative and context-sensitive legal reasoning framework, one capable of yielding proportional and contextually grounded rulings in the domain of medical ethics.