The Importance of Alpaca Welfare in Human–Animal Interaction

Human–animal interaction is considered one of the key determinants not only of animal welfare but also of the safety and ease of contact with humans. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge on tools of assessment and improvement in human–animal interaction from an alpaca welfare perspective. Because alpaca-specific evidence is limited, the scientific evidence for some of the mechanisms and management strategies discussed is derived from other camelids or other animal species rather than directly from alpacas. Various factors affect the HAI quality, including early human contact, husbandry and veterinary procedures, handling, and training, as well as genetically influenced traits such as temperament variations. The methods used to evaluate the quality of HAI in alpacas mainly included three types of assessment tools: behaviour observation, measuring physiological parameters, and using questionnaires. Tools used to improve the quality of HAI in alpacas can include various techniques based on animal behaviour and learning knowledge, such as socialisation, desensitisation and operant conditioning. Considering human–animal interactions in alpaca husbandry (animals kept for fibre production, animal-assisted interventions or recreational activities) is crucial because it can ensure animal well-being, human safety and production/intervention effectiveness. Negative human–animal interactions can impair alpaca welfare through fear and stress as underlying mechanisms; however, practical applications (proper socialisation, handling, training) to achieve positive HAI and a positive perception of humans by alpacas could be better recognised and used, thereby benefiting their welfare.