Risk Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder:A Case–Control Study

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Identification of prenatal, perinatal, and early postnatal risk factors is essential for early detection and prevention, particularly in low- and middleincome countries. This study aimed to evaluate prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors associated with ASD among Bangladeshi children. Materials and methods: A hospital-based case–control study was conducted among 122 children aged 2–10 years, including 61 children diagnosed with ASD and 61 ageand sex-matched controls. Data on demographic characteristics and prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal exposures were collected through structured caregiver interviews and medical record review. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for ASD. Results: Advanced maternal age (>35 years) was significantly associated with ASD (adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.13–2.76). A family history of neuropsychiatric disorders showed a strong association with ASD (Adjusted OR 6.94, 95% CI 1.76–27.39). Among perinatal factors, birth asphyxia was independently associated with ASD (Adjusted OR 4.06, 95% CI 1.40–11.78). Neonatal convulsions showed increased odds of ASD but did not retain statistical significance after adjustment. Increased early-life screen exposure was significantly associated with ASD (Adjusted OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18–1.72). Conclusion: ASD is associated with a combination of genetic vulnerability and earlylife biological and environmental factors. Strengthening perinatal care and promoting healthy early childhood environments may help reduce ASD burden. Larger population-based studies are warranted. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.25 (2); July 2026; Page 44-46