Wear-Resistant Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Copper Nanocomposites: Microstructural Evolution and Tribological Performance

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced copper nanocomposites have attracted significant interest as multifunctional materials combining high electrical conductivity with enhanced wear resistance. In this work, Cu-CNT nanocomposites were fabricated using a powder metallurgy route and systematically investigated to establish the relationship between microstructure, tribological behaviour, and electrical performance. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to evaluate CNT distribution and its influence on the copper matrix. Wear tests were performed to assess the functional performance of the composites. The results show that CNT incorporation significantly improved the wear resistance of copper, leading to reduced material loss and modifications in the dominant wear mechanisms. The enhanced tribological behaviour was associated with the reinforcing effect of CNTs, improved load transfer, and surface protection during sliding. Microstructural analyses revealed that CNT addition influenced the evolution of the copper matrix, contributing to improved durability. Importantly, the composites retained high electrical conductivity despite the presence of the nanoscale reinforcement. These results demonstrate the potential of Cu-CNT nanocomposites for conductive components operating under wear conditions and provide further insight into the microstructure-property relationships governing their multifunctional performance.