The Fractional Charges, Priced: Gell-Mann's Assigned Quarks and the Fifty-Two Hadron Values They Return
Census pricing (row CC-104) of the quark step of Gell-Mann's 'A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons,' Phys. Lett. 8, 214-215 (1964), against a fixed bench (what is postulated, what is derived, what the postulates return numerically, what they cannot reach). The step -- baryons as three-quark states and mesons as quark-antiquark pairs, with charges assigned at +2/3 e (u) and -1/3 e (d, s) and strangeness (0, 0, -1) -- is an existence postulate plus an assigned charge set; the paper itself hedges the constituents' reality, and confinement is not in the paper. Verified in the notebook (83 checks, exit 0) in exact rational arithmetic: from 4 assigned inputs (three charges, one strangeness assignment), the baryon octet, baryon decuplet and pseudoscalar meson octet return every member's charge and strangeness exactly -- 26 hadrons, 52 returned values, 13 per input, every returned charge an integer, the Omega- at (sss), Q = -1, S = -3. Remainders at full size: confinement is QCD's later debt, credited there; no masses or dynamics are returned; the Lambda/Sigma0 distinction stands outside the (Q, S) bench; Zweig's independent 1964 step is fenced. Scout-grade verification per Batch 6 (no verbatim primary reading). EXTENSION. Vacuum catastrophe NOT SOLVED; quantum gravity NOT SOLVED.
Authors
- William Alexander Aldred
Publication Details
- Journal
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Published
- 2026-11-04
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23937809
- Primary Topic
- Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
- Type
- preprint