The second law of learning from the past light cone

In the parallel-frame formulation of Einstein gravity the frame field determines the edge modes and gives an observer’s clock and energy. The entropy of a causal diamond is the boost charge at its edge, inferred from a null cut. It obeys an exact nonlinear second law for any radiation and matter obeying the null energy condition, and for a black hole formed by null dust equals the apparent-horizon entropy to all orders. Its time reverse, inferred from the past light cone, decreases as observations accumulate and bounds the generalized entropy compatible with the data.

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Published
2026-11-04
DOI
https://doi.org/10.66977/xsci.2611.000g
Primary Topic
Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Type
preprint
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preprint

The second law of learning from the past light cone

Tomi Koivisto
Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
preprint

The second law of learning from the past light cone

Tomi Koivisto
preprint en

Abstract

In the parallel-frame formulation of Einstein gravity the frame field determines the edge modes and gives an observer’s clock and energy. The entropy of a causal diamond is the boost charge at its edge, inferred from a null cut. It obeys an exact nonlinear second law for any radiation and matter obeying the null energy condition, and for a black hole formed by null dust equals the apparent-horizon entropy to all orders. Its time reverse, inferred from the past light cone, decreases as observations accumulate and bounds the generalized entropy compatible with the data.

National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (EE), University of Tartu (EE)
Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
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