Cement-Based Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Microwave Absorption: From Material Design to Architectural IntegrationA Review

Abstract Cement-based composites are gaining attention as promising materials due to their abundance, mechanical strength, and adaptability for functional modification. This review critically discusses recent progress in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and microwave absorption (MA) achieved by incorporating diverse fillers into cement matrices. Beyond filler chemistry, the review also discusses emerging architectural and fabrication strategies, including multilayer structures, gradient filler distributions, porous networks, 3D-printed designs, and metasurface-inspired or geometry-modified structures, as promising future directions that complement conventional filler engineering to enhance shielding and MA. Despite the wide range of reported cementitious composites, major challenges persist, particularly ensuring uniform filler dispersion, long-term durability, and cost-effectiveness. The growing use of sustainable fillers such as biochar, recycled polymers, and industrial byproducts offers eco-friendly opportunities for achieving moderate EMI shielding while supporting waste valorization. The review concludes by outlining future needs, including standardized testing protocols, scalable processing techniques, hybrid filler-architecture, durability assessments, and development of multifunctional composites for smart infrastructure.