Pharmacology and the extent of research on SILYBUM MARIANUM

This article reviews the scientific literature on the pharmacological properties and research status of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. and its silymarin complex. The review covers the plant’s phytochemical composition, preclinical studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and pharmacopoeial standards. The fruits and seeds contain silymarin, including silybin A and B, isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin, as well as flavonoids and fatty acids. Preclinical studies describe hepatoprotective, antioxidant, membrane-stabilizing, anti-inflammatory, and choleretic effects. However, clinical evidence remains heterogeneous, and robust evidence of efficacy in liver diseases has not yet been established conclusively. Differences in extract composition, dosage, and study design limit comparisons between findings. Nevertheless, silymarin generally has a favourable safety profile, and Silybum marianum remains a promising source of raw material for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.