International Law on Transboundary Air Pollution

Transboundary air pollution has emerged as a significant environmental concern in the modern era owing to rapid industrialisation, technological advancement and increasing anthropogenic emissions. Unlike local air pollution, transboundary air pollution extends beyond the territorial boundaries of the State of origin, adversely affecting human health, ecosystems, biodiversity and property in other States. It therefore raises important questions concerning State responsibility, territorial sovereignty, international cooperation and liability for environmental damage. This paper examines the legal framework governing transboundary air pollution under international environmental law, with particular emphasis on the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), and its eight protocols. Finally, it examines the approach taken by international tribunals and courts in deciding disputes concerning harm caused by one State to another.