Spatial Distribution and Magnitude of Building Setback Violations in Makama New Extension Area of Bauchi Metropolis

Building setback regulations are essential instruments of development control that promote safety, ventilation, accessibility, drainage, privacy and orderly urban development. However, non compliance with prescribed setback standards remains a major challenge in Nigerian cities. This study assessed the spatial distribution and magnitude of building setback violations in Makama New Extension Area of Bauchi Metropolis. The study adopted a quantitative approach and descriptive survey research design, combining geospatial measurements and questionnaire administration. Primary data were obtained through GPS mapping, tape measurements of front, rear and side setbacks, and structured questionnaires administered to household heads whose buildings have violated the setback standards. Secondary data were obtained from relevant literature, official report of Bauchi State Physical Planning and Development Control Board (BSPPDCB) regarding prescribed setback standards, and approved layout of the study area. Using the Krejcie and Morgan Sample Size Determination Table, 281 household heads were selected through simple random sampling across 26 residential blocks. Out of the questionnaires administered, 247 were correctly completed by the household heads and used for analysis. QGIS was employed to map the spatial distribution of violations, while mean score analysis and one sample t-tests were used to assess the magnitude of violation and level of compliance with prescribed standards. The findings identified 1,044 buildings with setback violations and 916 compliant buildings among the 1,960 buildings in the study area, indicating widespread non compliance. The mean front, rear, left-side and right-side setbacks were 2.97 m, 2.67 m, 1.53 m and 1.55 m, respectively. Statistical tests revealed significant differences between observed and prescribed setback standards, particularly for front and rear setbacks. The study concludes that building setback violations are widespread in Makama New Extension, highlighting gaps in development control implementation. It recommends strengthened monitoring, regular site inspections, strict enforcement of planning regulations and the application of GIS-based monitoring to improve compliance with approved setback standards.