Managerial Agility–based Malcolm Knowles' Andragogical Approach for EFL Teacher Training

This Teacher professional development in an era of rapid policy, curriculum, and technological change places growing demands on training institutions, yet many English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teacher training programs are still delivered through top-down, content-driven designs that treat teachers as passive recipients. Religious training institutions in Indonesia face this problem in an acute form because limited resources and interactive-learning infrastructure coexist with hierarchical organizational cultures that tend to resist change. Prior research at the Religious Training Center Makassar showed that managerial agility can strengthen civil servant training, but it did not explain how adult-learning principles can be built systematically into EFL teacher training. This study aims to conceptually examine how the andragogical principles developed by Malcolm Knowles can be integrated into the design of EFL teacher training grounded in managerial agility. It employs a qualitative approach with a narrative literature review design, in which national and international scholarly literature on andragogy, managerial agility, and EFL teacher professional development was analyzed thematically. The findings show that Knowles' five assumptions, namely self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, and internal motivation, are structurally aligned with three dimensions of managerial agility, namely leadership unity, resource fluidity, and strategic sensitivity. This alignment yields the Andragogical-Agile Training Framework (AATF), a cyclical four-stage model consisting of needs-sensing, experience-resourcing, autonomy-facilitating, and sustaining stages, together with a four-phase gradual implementation strategy. The study contributes a theoretical bridge between adult learning theory and organizational agility, a practical design reference for religious training institutions, and an agenda for the empirical testing of the model