Prevalence and Associated Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Oral Healthcare Workers in Sabah, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common occupational health problems among oral healthcare workers, particularly those exposed to prolonged static postures, repetitive movements, and ergonomic hazards. Objective: To determine the prevalence of MSDs and identify associated sociodemographic, ergonomic, and knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) factors among oral healthcare workers in Sabah, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 government oral healthcare workers in Sabah between June and July 2024 using convenience sampling. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire incorporating the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire, ergonomic risk assessment items, and KAP measures. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with lower back and neck MSDs. Results: The overall prevalence of MSDs was 87.5%. The most frequently affected regions were the lower back (71.1%), neck (68.2%), right shoulder (59.6%), and upper back (55.7%). Several ergonomic exposures were associated with MSDs in univariable analyses. Following multivariable adjustment, higher knowledge scores were associated with lower odds of lower back MSD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58–0.89; p = 0.002), while forward or sideways trunk bending was associated with higher odds of neck MSD (aOR = 3.49; 95% CI: 1.50–8.16; p = 0.004). Conclusion: MSDs were highly prevalent among oral healthcare workers in Sabah. Ergonomic knowledge and trunk bending were independently associated with lower back and neck MSDs, respectively, highlighting the importance of integrating ergonomic education with workplace risk assessment and postural improvements.