“Insight into the Various Pharmaceutical and Synthetic Approaches Rutin and Enhance Its Antidiabetic Activity”

Background: Rutin is a natural flavonoid glycoside that occurs in various fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. It possesses several pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and antioxidative effects. Due to its capability of enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress, regulating glucose metabolism, and preventing diabetic complications, rutin has shown great potential in treating diabetes. Nevertheless, its usage is limited owing to its fast metabolism, poor oral bioavailability, and limited water solubility. Aim: The goals of this review are to provide a brief overview of the possible utility of rutin as an antidiabetic drug and to highlight the various approaches taken towards enhancing its pharmacological activity and bioavailability. Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed using scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. An in-depth analysis of relevant literature pertaining to the natural sources, chemical structure, mechanism of action for anti-diabetic activity, structure activity relationships, and drug delivery of rutin were performed. Future perspective: Nanoparticles, liposomes, phytosomes, nanoemulsions, and inclusion complexes are just some of the novel drug delivery technologies which have shown promising results when used to improve the stability and bioavailability of rutin. In order to ascertain the efficacy and safety of drugs formulated from rutin in the effective treatment of diabetes and its associated complications, further investigation needs to be conducted.