Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass waste using coal fly ash‐derived ZSM ‐5 zeolite for enhanced bioenergy production

Abstract Energy security and sustainability drive the exploration of innovative conversion strategies for abundant biomass waste into energy‐dense products (solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels). This study demonstrated the catalytic potential of a coal fly ash (CFA)‐derived ZSM‐5 zeolite in enhancing biomass pyrolysis, focusing on lignocellulosic sawmill residues and post‐consumer food waste. The ZSM‐5 was synthesized via hydrothermal methods involving alkali fusion, dealumination, and silica enrichment resulting in a Mobil Five‐type zeolite confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared analyses. Catalytic pyrolysis conducted between 350 and 550 °C and residence times of 30 min to 2 h revealed that moderate conditions (330–370 °C) for 30 min significantly enhanced bioenergy yields, with biochar carbon content exceeding 70% and higher heating value approaching 30 MJ kg −1 , condensable bio‐oil, and gaseous fuels. Morphological assessments by SEM revealed pore development conducive to adsorption and catalytic applications. These findings substantiated the potential of CFA‐derived ZSM‐5 to optimize biofuel production, facilitate waste valorization, and advance circular economy practices, aligning with sustainable development goals.