Artificial Intelligence-Driven Education Transformation: A Systemic Framework for Human Capital Development and Sustainable Educational Governance Toward Indonesia Golden 2045

Purpose: This study aims to develop an integrated conceptual framework for artificial intelligence (AI)-driven educational transformation by connecting educational policy, institutional governance, educational leadership, pedagogical innovation, and human capital development. It addresses the need to move beyond technology-centred approaches toward a systemic and human-centred educational transformation that supports sustainable societal development. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopts a conceptual research design supported by an integrative review of relevant academic literature and international policy publications. The literature is synthesized thematically through four interconnected perspectives: AI-enabled pedagogy, educational governance, institutional leadership, and human capital development. System Thinking is employed as the underlying analytical perspective to explain the relationships and feedback mechanisms among these dimensions. Findings: The study proposes an AI-Enabled Human-Centred Education Governance (AI-HCEG) framework consisting of five interconnected dimensions: policy and strategic direction, institutional AI governance, intelligent pedagogy and curriculum, human capital development, and inclusive societal outcomes. The framework suggests that educational transformation depends not merely on technological adoption but on the alignment of institutional capabilities, leadership commitment, ethical governance, and continuous human development. Practical implications: Policymakers and educational institutions can use the proposed framework to formulate AI integration strategies, strengthen institutional readiness, improve teaching and learning quality, and develop human resources capable of responding to technological and societal changes. Originality/value: This study contributes an integrated systemic framework connecting AI adoption, educational governance, and human capital development. It offers a conceptual foundation for sustainable educational transformation, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia, in pursuing the Indonesia Golden 2045 vision.