A Comprehensive Classical Review of Kutaja (Holarrhena Antidysenterica Wall. Ex A.Dc.) in Ayurvedic Literature

Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. ex A.DC.; family Apocynaceae) is an important Ayurvedic drug, particularly indicated in Atisara, Pravahika, Grahani and Arsha. Its descriptions are distributed across the Brihattrayi, Laghutrayi, and classical Nighantus. Aim: To critically review and synthesize the classical Ayurvedic literature on Kutaja with emphasis on nomenclature, Rasapanchaka, Dosha-Karma, therapeutic indications, plant parts, and formulations. Methods: Classical references from major Samhitas, therapeutic texts, and 22 Nighantus were reviewed. Information related to nomenclature, pharmacodynamic attributes, indications, plant parts, and formulations was extracted and comparatively analyzed. Results: The review identified more than 400 textual references to Kutaja. The predominant classical profile comprises Tikta-Kashaya Rasa, Laghu-Ruksha Guna, Sheeta Virya and Katu Vipaka, with Kapha-Pitta Shamaka, Grahi, Deepana and Pachana actions. Variations in Virya and Dosha-Karma were observed among texts. Kutaja is predominantly indicated in Atisara, Pravahika, Grahani and Arsha, with additional applications in Kushtha, Jwara, Prameha and Visha. Variations in nomenclature, plant parts, and formulations were also documented. Conclusion: Classical literature establishes Kutaja as a prominent drug, particularly for gastrointestinal disorders, while demonstrating a broader therapeutic spectrum and textual variations in its pharmacodynamic and botanical descriptions. Comparative evaluation of these sources provides a clearer understanding of its classical Ayurvedic identity and therapeutic application.