Literature Review of the Potential of Miana Leaf Extract as an Antibacterial Agent Against Escherichia coli in Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases, with Escherichia coli recognized as the predominant causative pathogen. The ability of E. coli to form biofilms and increasing antibiotic resistance have encouraged the exploration of natural antibacterial agents. Miana leaves (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth.) contain bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and essential oils, which may exhibit antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of miana leaf extract as an antibacterial agent against E. coli associated with UTIs. A narrative literature review was conducted using secondary data from national and international scientific journals, ClinicalKey, textbooks, and conference proceedings published between 2020 and 2026. Literature selection focused on relevance to miana leaf extract, antibacterial activity, effectiveness, and mechanisms of action against E. coli. Of 531 initially identified articles, 10 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The findings indicate that miana leaf extract exhibits antibacterial activity against E. coli, although its effectiveness varies according to extract concentration, extraction method, solvent type, and experimental conditions. This activity is associated with secondary metabolites that may disrupt bacterial cell membranes, alter membrane permeability, interfere with protein and enzymatic activity, and impair bacterial metabolic processes. Higher extract concentrations generally demonstrate greater inhibitory effects, although results vary across studies. In conclusion, miana leaf extract has potential as a natural antibacterial agent against E. coli. However, existing evidence is predominantly based on in vitro studies. Further in vivo research and clinical trials are necessary to establish its effectiveness, safety, and optimal concentration before its potential application in UTI treatment.