Energy vulnerability of the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Greece: A fuel-specific environmentally extended input–output analysis with implications for energy transition policy

The energy vulnerability of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector (FAS) threatens coastal livelihoods, food security, and the viability of small-scale fishers and aquaculture producers. This paper examines the interindustry energy relationships of the FAS in Greece using a fuel-specific, single-country, non-competitive Environmentally Extended Input–Output Analysis (EEIOA) framework from both demand and supply-driven perspectives. It estimates energy linkages and leakages and assesses the transmission of energy cost increases to output prices. The findings reveal that: (i) the FAS presents above economy-wide average energy linkages for liquid fuels, indicating an energy-intensive profile within its domestic supply chain; (ii) the sector demonstrates above-average energy leakages for gasoline and diesel, reflecting domestic energy requirements under import substitution; (iii) upstream energy dependence is mainly associated with transport and electricity-related activities, while downstream relationships are concentrated in food processing and tourism-related sectors; and (iv) the cost–price analysis indicates high sensitivity of FAS output prices to cost increases in ‘Coke and refined petroleum products’ and ‘Mining and quarrying’, whereas electricity cost increases generate relatively limited price effects. These findings support fuel-specific interventions and supply-chain coordination, providing evidence for more targeted energy-transition policies in FAS.