Ceramic Additive Manufacturing via Vat Photopolymerization and Extrusion Processes: A Comprehensive Review of Processing Strategies

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are continuously evolving to meet the increasing demand for high-performance ceramics with intricate geometries. This review covers four widely investigated ceramic AM methods: stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and direct ink writing (DIW). Each technique is analyzed from a technical standpoint, with particular attention given to feedstock formulation, printing parameters, debinding, sintering, and final densification. Vat photopolymerization provides high resolution and good surface quality, but remains constrained by photocurable slurry behavior. FDM offers accessible equipment and material versatility, though high ceramic loading can lead to feeding and printing difficulties. DIW can process highly loaded ceramic inks and is suitable for porous and architectured structures, but requires precise control of ink rheology and shape retention. The main challenges associated with ceramic printing are also examined, together with proposed solutions, emerging trends, and research gaps. This review provides a comparative overview of the critical parameters governing ceramic AM and helps identify the most suitable technique according to the targeted application.