Femtosecond laser processing of perovskite: Mechanism and applications

Halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have attracted considerable interest due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, presenting significant application potential across wide fields, particularly in optoelectronics. However, conventional synthesis methods face challenges in achieving sufficient precision, environmental sustainability, and reproducibility, which limit the advancement and practical implementation of these materials. Femtosecond (Fs) laser processing technology provides a novel and versatile approach for precise manipulation of perovskite materials, enabling controlled formation of diverse morphologies, dimensions, bandgaps, and complex nanoarchitectures, which is expected to accelerate the development and deployment of halide perovskites. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in fs laser-based processing of halide perovskite nanomaterials and their applications in optoelectronic devices. First, it examines the underlying mechanisms and strategies by which fs lasers induce nucleation, growth, bandgap tuning, and defect engineering of PNCs. Subsequently, the application of these engineered nanocrystals in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, and optical data storage is critically reviewed. Finally, the article highlights key future research directions and outstanding challenges in the field, aiming to provide essential theoretical insights and strategic guidance for the continued advancement of perovskite-based technologies.