Heparan sulphate expression in high-risk neuroblastoma

Abstract Purpose Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) regulate tumour cell interactions with the microenvironment. Sulfatase-2 (SULF2), an extracellular endosulfatase that modifies heparan sulphate (HS) 6-O-sulphation, has been implicated in neuroblastoma (NBL), particularly in high risk MYCN-amplified (MYCN-A) tumours. We investigated HS distribution in NBL and the effects of SULF2 knockdown on tumour cell behaviour. Methods HS expression was analysed in NBL cell lines using the anti HS antibody 10E4 and the phage display antibody HS3A8V. Cell migration was assessed following siRNA mediated SULF2 knockdown. HS expression in 65 primary human NBL specimens was quantified by colour deconvolution and compared by MYCN status and histological risk groups. Results HS epitopes were abundantly expressed on NBL cell surfaces, particularly in MYCN-A SK-N-BE(2) cells and localised along intercellular extensions. SULF2 knockdown significantly reduced cell migration, particularly in MYCN-A cells ( p < 0.01), altered HS staining and reduced intercellular extensions. In primary MYCN-A tumours showed significantly greater 10E4 immunoreactivity than MYCN-non-amplified (NA) tumours with favourable or unfavourable histology (both p < 0.0001), with no difference between the latter groups. Conclusion MYCN-A NBL demonstrates a distinct HS phenotype. SULF2-mediated HS remodelling may contribute to tumour cell migration and HS-rich intercellular extensions, identifying SULF2 as a potential therapeutic target in high-risk NBL.