Social Factors Influencing Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse: A Case of Nyamagana District, Mwanza, Tanzania

Child sexual abuse remains under-reported in Tanzania despite the presence of formal protection services. National surveys show that many survivors never tell anyone, currently the social conditions that shape the decision to speak or remain silent have received limited attention in urban settings such as Nyamagana District. This study examined the social factors that influence disclosure of child sexual abuse among survivors, caregivers and professionals in Nyegezi and Buhongwa Wards. A qualitative case study was conducted between July and August 2026. Thirty-one participants included eleven child survivors aged 14-17, ten parents or caregivers, and ten professionals from social welfare, police, health and community development, were purposively selected. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus-group discussions held in Kiswahili, translated into English and analysed thematically. Disclosure was shaped by anticipated stigma and social rejection, by gender norms that placed different burdens on girls and boys, and by the presence or absence of a trusted adult. Children weighed the expected reaction of family and community before speaking. Girls reported fear of reputational damage; boys more often described disbelief. First disclosures were commonly made to a teacher, relative or community leader rather than to parents or formal institutions. Social factors operate as an interacting system rather than isolated barriers. Strengthening the readiness of trusted adults especially teachers and community leaders to receive and act on a child’s disclosure is essential for improving the pathway from informal telling to formal protection.