FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES AND MODERN MECHANISMS FOR THEIR PREVENTION

Environmental emergencies arise through interactions among natural hazards, technological failures, human activities and social vulnerability. This review examines major causal pathways and evaluates contemporary prevention mechanisms, including industrial risk management, environmental monitoring, geographic information systems, multi-hazard early warning, ecosystem-based risk reduction and community preparedness. A structured qualitative synthesis of authoritative international guidance was conducted, focusing on the Sendai Framework, UNEP environmental emergency practice, WHO guidance on chemical incidents and the WMO-led Early Warnings for All initiative. The analysis identifies a layered prevention model that combines source control, exposure reduction, early detection, accountable governance and public action. For Uzbekistan, particular relevance is attached to water-related stresses, dust and salt transport in the Aral Sea region and industrial contamination risks. The findings are conceptual and documentary; no original field measurements or experimental effectiveness estimates are claimed.