Neither Invasive nor Unprotected: The Legal Status of Muscovy Ducks in the United States

Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata), one of the world’s oldest domesticated waterfowl, inhabit nearly all continents. Considered non-native across most of the United States, Muscovy Ducks are often described as “unprotected” or “invasive,” terms that may be used to justify harmful actions. The question is whether these descriptions accurately reflect their legal protection and wildlife classification. This study addresses that question through the first nationwide analysis of anti-cruelty statutes and invasive-species classifications at the federal and state levels. Results show that every state prohibits intentional cruelty toward Muscovy Ducks, subject to exemptions. While considered “unprotected” for conservation purposes, they remain protected under anti-cruelty statutes. No federal agency formally classifies Muscovy Ducks as “invasive.” Although two of the 50 states list Muscovy Ducks as invasive, each listing lacks science-based substantiation of harm in the state. This study corrects claims that Muscovy Ducks are legally unprotected or invasive. Misuse and misinterpretation of terms can obscure the reality that intentional cruelty against Muscovy Ducks is unlawful nationwide.