Recent Advances in Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Derivatives for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction

Abstract The rising global energy demand and continued overuse of fossil fuels have significantly increased CO2 emissions, leading to severe environmental pollution. As a result, we urgently need sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has gained considerable attention for its ability to transform CO2 into value-added carbon-based products. However, the CO2RR is kinetically slow, so developing highly efficient electrocatalytic materials is essential to improve performance. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have emerged as promising CO2RR electrocatalysts because of their layered structure, tunable composition, interlayer anion-exchangeability, abundant active sites, high surface area, and adjustable microscale morphologies. This review presents the reaction mechanisms and pathways by which CO2RR transforms into carbon-containing materials. It categorizes LDHs used as electrocatalysts, including transition metal-based LDHs (Ni, Cu, and Zn), other non-transition metal-based LDHs, and LDH-derived other materials, and summarizes their major carbonaceous products, electrochemical onset potential, Faradaic efficiency, and current density. The review aims to provide insights into strategies for enhancing the electrocatalytic performance of LDHs and their derivatives. Finally, this study discusses current challenges, recent developments, and prospective directions for the rational design of LDH-based catalysts for effective CO2RR.