The Kilogram Loop: Circular Definitions in the Mass Scale

The gravitational constant formula G = H0^2 * r_star^3 * m_Planck / (pi * m_electron * M_sun) contains five inputs. Three of them — G itself, M_sun, and m_Planck — are defined in terms of G. The formula is therefore circular: it is satisfied for any value of G because G is built into both sides. The 99.95% match previously reported is a loop artifact, not a derivation. This paper strips each input to raw observables (counts, ratios, angles, frequencies) and rebuilds from that base.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-03
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23914844
Primary Topic
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

The Kilogram Loop: Circular Definitions in the Mass Scale

Brian Tice
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
article

The Kilogram Loop: Circular Definitions in the Mass Scale

Brian Tice
article en

Abstract

The gravitational constant formula G = H0^2 * r_star^3 * m_Planck / (pi * m_electron * M_sun) contains five inputs. Three of them — G itself, M_sun, and m_Planck — are defined in terms of G. The formula is therefore circular: it is satisfied for any value of G because G is built into both sides. The 99.95% match previously reported is a loop artifact, not a derivation. This paper strips each input to raw observables (counts, ratios, angles, frequencies) and rebuilds from that base.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 16%
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
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The Kilogram Loop: Circular Definitions in the Mass Scale — Brian Tice · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS