Core Explanation 2 — Measurement, Effects, and Pair Generation of Quantum Wells and Annihilation Pairs (Dual-Channel Quantum-Well Annihilation-Field Model · A sequel to the core manuscript · No new postulates; all criteria carry over Postulates I–VI

Core Explanation 2 — Measurement, Effects, and Pair Generation of Quantum Wells and Annihilation Pairs (Dual-Channel Quantum-Well Annihilation-Field Model · A sequel to the core manuscript · No new postulates; all criteria carry over Postulates I–VI and the postulate-level laws L1–L6) Author: Lu Weihui A sequel to the core manuscript, collecting the recent discussion of “quantum wells” and “annihilation pairs” Note This document is a sequel to the core manuscript “Dual-Channel Quantum-Well Annihilation-Field Model — A Self-Consistent Derivation from Underlying Postulates to Macroscopic Phenomena”. It collects the recent discussion of “quantum wells” and “annihilation pairs”: the nature of light and of the electron, the basis of measurement, the “opening” of a neutral quantum well, the distinction between physical effects and measurement effects, the criterion of measurability, and the mechanism by which colliding high-energy photons generate a pair of electron and positron. No new postulates are added; all criteria carry over Postulates I–VI and the postulate-level laws L1–L6. Anything that is a further extrapolation is marked as a “special-topic extrapolation / current understanding” and may be revised. As in the core manuscript, this document gives only structures and criteria, and makes no numerical assertions. Convention: wherever the core manuscript has been marked as a “current working understanding / current conjecture / to be determined / not yet certain / left for later,” or is brief or vague, this document first quotes the core manuscript verbatim and then gives a definite interpretation — “what the core manuscript says, and how this document decides it” — so that the two may be compared item by item. Following this convention, this document has inserted, at the corresponding places in Chapters 1–7, the core manuscript's words together with this document's definite interpretation. Contents Note Chapter 1 Starting Point: the Nature of Light and of the Electron 1.1 Light is a positive annihilation pair, surrounded by a negative quantum well 1.2 The electron is a positive quantum well, surrounded by a negative quantum well 1.3 The two are structurally isomorphic; only the core differs Chapter 2 The Basis of Measurement: a particle is necessarily enveloped by the negative layer of the vacuum 2.1 The vacuum is the array of neutral quantum wells 2.2 A particle, once in motion, is necessarily enveloped by the vacuum's negative layer 2.3 This negative layer is the contactable interface Chapter 3 The Neutral Quantum Well and its “Opening” 3.1 A neutral quantum well: equal positive and negative content, with no outward manifestation 3.2 “Opening”: splitting into a positive peak and a negative peak 3.3 Only after opening does it exhibit physical properties Chapter 4 Physical Effects and Measurement Effects 4.1 The two kinds of effect must be kept apart 4.2 Table of four cases 4.3 A pure single-kind structure: it may have a physical effect without a measurement effect Chapter 5 The Criterion of Measurability 5.1 The criterion: an outer negative quantum well + an inner positive quantum well (or positive annihilation pair) 5.2 Three unmeasurable cases 5.3 Relation to L6 (measurement and support) Chapter 6 Collision of High-Energy Photons: generation of an electron–positron pair (special-topic extrapolation) 6.1 Two high-energy photons colliding head-on 6.2 The temporary electron 6.3 The temporary positron 6.4 Consistency with conservation laws and with L6; the naming is left open Chapter 7 Stepping-Loss of Light and the Background Radiation of Neutral Quantum Wells (special-topic extrapolation) 7.1 The starting point: each step necessarily has a cost 7.2 Per-step loss and redshift 7.3 Where the paid-out energy goes 7.4 Why a uniform layer of background radiation forms 7.5 An order-of-magnitude check: loss rate vs. source power 7.6 Conclusions of This Chapter 7.7 Determining the Background-Radiation Frequency of the Super-Universe and the Evolutionary Stage of Our Universe (I) Core physical picture and the identification formula. According to the "cosmic-level quantum-well oscillation model" of this system (see the special topic "Chapter 5: Cosmic-Level Quantum-Well Model and Cosmic Evolution", revised September 2026), the so-called expansion and compression of our universe are not the expansion of space itself, but the periodic undulation of the grid density (i.e., the nesting level) formed by the alternating dominance of the positive and negative parts within the cosmic-level quantum well. This system does not admit "expansion/contraction of space"; all references to "expansion and compression" are uniformly expressed as periodic undulations of the grid density (nesting level). A super-universe is an ultimate stage in the development of quantum wells in this system; all physical laws, formulas, and concepts of this system apply equally at the super-universe stage, with no exception. If a super-universe exists, our universe, as a wrapped layer, will have its grid density undulate synchronously with the periodic undulation of the super-universe; therefore, the expansion-compression frequency measured in our universe is exactly the characteristic frequency of the background radiation of the super-universe. The core identification formula is: f_osc = f_super (7-7-1) where f_osc is the expansion-compression frequency of our universe, and f_super is the frequency of the background radiation of the super-universe. (II) Calculation method and back-reading of the characteristic scale. Calculating the background-radiation frequency of the super-universe: according to the simple-harmonic model of Chapter 5 (with R_eq ≈ 0.7 R0), one complete expansion-compression cycle of our universe is T ≈ 1.17 × 10^11 yr (about 117 billion years); the maximum radius is R_max ≈ 5.1 × 10^10 ly (about 51 billion light-years), the current observable radius is R0 ≈ 4.4 × 10^26 m (about 46.5 billion light-years), and we are now in the later part of the expansion phase, with about 9.2 × 10^9 years remaining before reaching the maximum radius. From T = 1/f we have: f_super = f_osc = 1/T ≈ 2.7 × 10^-19 Hz (7-7-2) Back-reading the characteristic grid spacing of the super-universe: according to the relation of this system that "the background-radiation frequency is inversely proportional to the grid spacing", f = c/(2πL0), we obtain: L0^S = c/(2πf_super) ≈ 1.8 × 10^26 m (about 19 billion light-years) (7-7-3) Level-multiple comparison: the grid spacing l0 of our universe is back-read from the peak frequency of our own background radiation (the microwave background) — the microwave-background peak frequency is 160.2 GHz (corresponding to 2.725 K), so l0 = c/(2πν0) ≈ 3 × 10^-4 m (about 0.3 mm). The ratio of the two grid spacings gives the level multiple: L0^S / l0 ≈ 6 × 10^23 (7-7-4) (III) Basis for judging the stage of development. According to the principle of this system that "the deeper the nesting level, the gentler the equivalent density, and the lower the background-radiation frequency", the following judgments hold: our universe is currently in the later part of the expansion phase of the T ≈ 117-billion-year cycle; its background radiation appears as the 2.725 K microwave background, and it is judged to be in the ordinary-universe stage. The background-radiation frequency of the super-universe is extremely low (about 10^-19 Hz), indicating that its evolution cycle is extremely long and its reactions extremely gentle; it is therefore judged to be in an ordinary, gentle stage of its own development, and has not yet reached the ultimate stage of lower frequency and longer cycle. There may still be outer layers beyond the super-universe and inner layers within ordinary universes — the nesting is unbounded above and unbounded below. (IV) Observational test scheme. Because a complete oscillation period of our universe (about 117 billion years) far exceeds the current age of the universe and the whole history of human observation, a complete period cannot be measured directly; an indirect phase-extraction method must be adopted: by measuring the tiny evolution drift of the Hubble constant H(z) at different redshifts and fitting its rate of change with time, if H(z) is observed to show periodic reversals of acceleration (i.e., alternating signs of the expansion acceleration) whose characteristic period matches the phase arithmetic at the 10^-19 Hz level, the existence of the background radiation of the super-universe and its current phase can be indirectly pinned down. (V) Boundary and caliber notes. At present there are two calibration calibers within this system for the grid spacing and frequency of the super-universe: Caliber A (the amplitude section, i.e., the observable cosmic scale) is the set used in formulas (7-7-2)–(7-7-4), with T ≈ 117 billion years, f ≈ 2.7 × 10^-19 Hz, and L0^S ≈ 19 billion light-years; Caliber B (the well wall, i.e., the physical boundary of the whole cosmic-level well), based on the author's independent calculation in 2015 of the cosmic well-wall radius R_wall ≈ 4 × 10^16 ly, gives a period extended to T ≈ 10^18 yr, a super-universe frequency f ≈ 3 × 10^-26 Hz, and a grid spacing L0^S ≈ 1.6 × 10^17 ly. The two sets of numbers correspond to two different viewpoints — the locally observable amplitude and the overall physical boundary — and are not contradictory within this system; the calculation in this section takes Caliber A as the baseline (because it is directly back-read from current observations), and the final precise calibration is left to further unification within this system. Note: this section is an inference within this system and does not claim that the super-universe has been observationally confirmed; whether the super-universe holds, together with its precise frequency and grid spacing, is left for determination when observation