Review of the state-of-the-art on aerodynamic solutions in freight transport trucks for improving energy efficiency

Road freight transport is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with aerodynamic drag representing one of the main sources of energy consumption in heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). Previous reviews of the state-of-the-art in this field have addressed aerodynamic technologies in a fragmented manner, lacking a systematic synthesis of recent innovations, especially in the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and bionic-inspired solutions, as well as their implications for the transition towards electric freight transport. To address this gap, this systematic literature review provides a comprehensive and structured synthesis of aerodynamic technologies for HDVs. Following the PRISMA methodology and using Rayyan for the screening process, studies published between January 2000 and January 2025 were systematically selected and analysed. Aerodynamic solutions are classified according to their influence on pressure drag and friction drag, providing a unified framework for comparing conventional and emerging technologies. The review also evaluates recent advances in AI-assisted aerodynamic design, biomimetic strategies inspired by natural forms and textures, and the contribution of aerodynamic improvements to extending the driving range of electric HDVs. The findings indicate that the combined implementation of multiple aerodynamic devices can reduce aerodynamic drag by up to 45% and achieve fuel savings of up to 8%, highlighting the significant potential of these technologies to improve transport energy efficiency. Finally, key research gaps are identified, including the need for greater industrial implementation of academic development, large-scale on-road validation, and wider integration of AI-driven optimization to accelerate the deployment of aerodynamic solutions for sustainable road freight transport.