Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in Fafan pastoral areas, eastern Ethiopia

Camel trypanosomiasis, primarily caused by Trypanosoma evansi , is a major vector-borne disease that impairs camel productivity and pastoral livelihoods in arid and semi-arid regions. However, epidemiological evidence remains limited in camel-rearing areas of eastern Ethiopia. This study estimated T. evansi seroprevalence and identified associated factors among dromedary camels in selected districts of the Fafan Zone, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2021 in the Goljano and Shabelley districts. Using multistage sampling, 570 camels were selected and tested for T. evansi antibodies using the Card Agglutination Test (CAT). Seroprevalence was estimated using descriptive statistics, and factors associated with seropositivity were identified through multivariable logistic regression following univariable screening (P < 0.25). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Of the 570 camels examined, 145 were seropositive, giving an overall seroprevalence of 25.4% (95% CI: 21.9–29.2). Seroprevalence was 27.3% in Goljano District and 23.4% in Shabelley District. Poor body condition (AOR = 12.10; 95% CI: 7.62–19.49), absence of previous trypanocidal treatment (AOR = 4.89; 95% CI: 2.49–9.60), adult age (AOR = 2.63; 95% CI: 1.13–6.09), and old age (AOR = 2.68; 95% CI: 1.05–6.85), compared with young camels, were independently associated with T. evansi seropositivity. The findings indicate substantial exposure of camels to T. evansi in the study area. Strengthening surveillance, improving herd health management, promoting the rational use of trypanocidal drugs, and implementing integrated measures to reduce exposure to mechanical vectors may contribute to improved disease control.