Free/low-cost physical activity opportunities for children and adolescents: Parental perspectives on participation, access and provision

Physical activity (PA) in childhood and adolescence has established health benefits. Despite this many children worldwide do not meet PA guidelines, with implications for future health. Cost is a recognised barrier to participation and may exacerbate socioeconomic inequalities, particularly during the ongoing cost-of-living crisis. Free/low-cost PA opportunities may help promote equitable access to PA for children, but less is known about how families experience and access these opportunities and the factors influencing engagement. This study explored parental perspectives on children’s participation in free/low-cost PA opportunities, local provision, and future needs. Differences in participation by indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) were also examined. A cross-sectional questionnaire (n = 855) and semi-structured interviews (n = 29) were conducted with parents/guardians of children aged 4–16 years in Northern Ireland. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively and using between-group comparisons, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Almost all parents/guardians (99%) reported weekly participation in at least one free/low-cost PA opportunity, most commonly informal activities such as walking and outdoor play. However, 76% perceived insufficient local opportunities, and only 10% considered provision adequate. Since the cost-of-living crisis began in 2021, 29% reported increased engagement in free activities, including walking and running. Qualitative findings highlighted barriers beyond cost, including limited awareness, location, transport, and the quality and suitability of provision. Although free/low-cost PA opportunities were widely used, parents identified gaps in local provision and access. Participation did not differ across most SES indicators, but this does not necessarily indicate equitable access, particularly for adolescents, girls, and children with additional needs. Findings suggest that removing cost barriers alone may be insufficient as financial, environmental, social and individual factors influence access and engagement with free/low cost opportunities. A coordinated approach encompassing increased availability, improved facilities, better promotion, and targeted support for low-income families is needed to ensure equitable opportunities for children’s PA.